Whooping cough, medically known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. While vaccines have significantly reduced its prevalence, outbreaks still occur, especially among infants, teens, and adults with waning immunity. One of the most critical aspects of managing and preventing the spread of whooping cough is early recognition of its symptoms. Understanding what to look for can help ensure timely treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
Early Stage: Mild Symptoms That Mimic a Cold
In the initial phase, known as the catarrhal stage, whooping cough symptoms are often mistaken for those of a common cold. This stage typically lasts one to two weeks and includes:
- Runny nose
- Mild fever
- Sneezing
- Mild, occasional cough
- Watery eyes
Because these symptoms are so subtle and nonspecific, pertussis often goes undiagnosed during this early period. However, this is when the infection is most contagious.
Paroxysmal Stage: Severe Coughing Fits Begin
As the illness progresses into the paroxysmal stage—usually in the second or third week—the hallmark symptoms of whooping cough emerge. The defining feature is severe, uncontrollable coughing spells, or “paroxysms,” which may:
- Occur in rapid succession, preventing the person from catching their breath
- End with a distinctive “whooping” sound when the person inhales sharply afterward (more common in children than adults)
- Cause vomiting, exhaustion, or even brief loss of consciousness
These coughing fits are often worse at night and may occur multiple times an hour. Infants, in particular, may not display the characteristic “whoop” but can stop breathing or turn blue due to lack of oxygen. This stage can last from two to six weeks or longer.
Recovery Stage: Symptoms Gradually Subside
The final phase, called the convalescent stage, may last several weeks to months. During this time, the coughing spells slowly decrease in frequency and intensity. However, physical exertion or respiratory irritants can sometimes trigger a return of the cough temporarily.
Unique Considerations for Different Age Groups
Infants are at the highest risk for severe complications, including pneumonia, seizures, and even death. They may exhibit atypical symptoms, such as:
- Gasping or struggling to breathe
- Apnea (pauses in breathing)
- Poor feeding or lethargy
Teens and adults, especially those previously vaccinated, may experience milder symptoms without the classic “whoop,” leading to delayed diagnosis. However, they can still transmit the infection to others, particularly vulnerable infants.
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you or your child experience prolonged coughing fits, especially ones that cause vomiting, trouble breathing, or a whooping sound, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Early treatment with antibiotics can lessen the severity and reduce the risk of spreading the disease.
Recognizing whooping cough symptoms early—particularly during its deceptive early stage—can make a critical difference in outcomes. Staying informed and alert is key to protecting yourself and those around you, especially the most vulnerable.